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制高点-第18部分
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镒钔纯嗟牡胤健�
NARRATOR： Making overmanned state…owned industries efficient or profitable meant wide…scale layoffs for Poland's blue…collar workers。
旁白：要使人员过剩的国有企业有效率或者赢利意味着需要大规模地裁减波兰的蓝领工人。
JAN BIELECKI； Prime Minister； Poland； 1991： When I became the prime minister； the euphoria of transition was almost over。 We had 20；000 strikes； sometimes organized by my former colleagues from Solidarity movement。
波兰总理（1991）简。比尔尼奇（Jan Bielecki）：当我任总理时，转型的蜜月期几乎已经结束了，我们发生了2万次罢工，有时组织者就是我在团结工会运动时一起工作过的同事们。
NARRATOR： Solidarity began to lose support as workers felt the pain of reform。
旁白：当工人们感受到了改革的痛苦的时候，团结工会便开始失去支持了。
JEFFREY SACHS： I was asked to go to some factories； to meet with workers to try to explain what my vision of this might be。
杰裴里。萨克斯（Jeffery Sachs）：我被要求去参观一些工厂，去会见一些工人，努力向他们解释我对此的看法。
FACTORY WORKER： In the beginning we were made to believe that it wouldn't take long for things to get better。
工厂工人：一开始，我们相信很快情况就会好起来的。
FACTORY WORKER： Sachs gave us a rosy vision for the future of our economy。
工厂工人：萨克斯给我们描绘了一个未来经济的瑰丽景象。
ZYGMUNT WRZODAK； Union Leader； Ursus Tractor Factory： We soon found out that the program imposed on us from the outside most harmed precisely those Poles who had contributed so much to political freedom。
厄萨斯拖拉机厂（Ursus Tractor Factory）工会主席ZYGMUNT WRZODAK：我们很快发现，那些从外部而来的强加给我们的计划大大伤害的恰恰是那些为波兰的政治自由作出过巨大的贡献的波兰人。
NARRATOR： But elsewhere； the market was flourishing。 Tens of thousands of small businesses sprung up； and the Polish economy began to boom。
旁白：但在其他地区，市场得到了繁荣，成千上万的小企业异军突起，波兰经济开始走向繁荣。
JAN BIELECKI： You suddenly had thousands of people trading the same products in front of the state…owned shop； but at a much lower price。 This is phenomenal； because it shows enormously entrepreneurial drive of the Polish people。 When you have your five minutes； take it。 When the Polish people finally got that opportunity； they took the chance。 They used the chance。
简。比尔尼奇（Jan Bielecki）：突然，你看见在国有商店门前，有成千上万的人正在交易相同的产品，但价格却比商店里低很多。这是了不起的，这表明了波兰人民巨大的创业动力。当你有五分钟时，你一定要抓住这五分钟，当波兰人最终获得了这个机会时，他们抓住了，他们很好地利用了机会。
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Chapter 15： Soviet Free Fall ＇4：52＇
第十五章： 苏维埃的自由滑落
Onscreen title： Moscow； Soviet Union
字幕标题：苏联，莫斯科
NARRATOR： In August 1991； diehard munists staged a coup。 Boris Yeltsin became the voice of democratic resistance。 The coup collapsed。
Gorbachev survived the plot； but his prestige was destroyed； and the Soviet Union's days were numbered。
旁白：1991年8月，顽固的共产主义分子发动了一场政变，鲍里斯。叶利钦（Boris Yeltsin）成了民主抵抗力量的代言人，政变失败了。戈尔巴乔夫躲过一劫，但声望扫地，苏联的日子不长了。
DANIEL YERGIN： The end of December 1991； Mikhail Gorbachev went on Soviet television。 He told his viewers that the Soviet Union would within a few days cease to exist legally。 After seven decades； the Soviet Union was over； it was finished； fade to black。
丹尼尔。尤金（Daniel Yergin）：1991年12月底，米哈伊。戈尔巴乔夫（Mikhail Gorbachev）走上电视台，向观众宣布，几天后，苏联在法律上就不存在了，在存在了70年后，苏联走到了尽头，一切都结束了，成为了历史。
NARRATOR： The president of Russia was Boris Yeltsin。 Unlike Gorbachev； Yeltsin wanted to move fast。 He chose the young reformer Yegor Gaidar as the man to turn Russia into a market economy。
旁白：俄罗斯总统是鲍里斯。叶利钦（Boris Yeltsin），与戈尔巴乔夫不同，叶利钦想更快地行动。他起用了年轻的改革家尤戈。盖达（Yegor Gaidar），负责把俄罗斯带向市场经济。
DANIEL YERGIN： For Gaidar it was a shock。 There was no money in the treasury； there was no gold； there was not even enough grain to get through the winter。 It was unclear who was even in charge of the nuclear weapons。 Gaidar later said that it was like flying in an airplane and going into the cockpit and finding no one at the controls。
丹尼尔。尤金（Daniel Yergin）：盖达深受震动，国库里没有钱，也没有黄金，甚至都没有足够的粮食过冬，连核武器由谁掌管都不清楚。盖达后来说当时就像是你在坐飞机时，到驾驶舱一看却发现没有飞行员。
YEGOR GAIDAR： It was clear to me that the country was not functioning； the economy was not working； and that if nothing were done and if everyone feared that nothing would be done； it would end in catastrophe； even a famine。
尤戈。盖达（Yegor Gaidar）：我很清楚，国家完全瘫痪了，经济停滞，如果不采取行动，如果每个人都担心无计可施，那就会大祸临头了，甚至会出现饥荒。
NARRATOR： Gorbachev's halfway reforms had left the economy in a tailspin。 Every essential was in short supply。
旁白：戈尔巴乔夫的改革半途而废，留下了一个烂摊子，所有的生活必需品供应都处于极端的短缺状况。
LILIA SHEVTSOVA： We have been queuing every day to get something ……sugar； matches； salt。 The stakes really were very high。 Economic situation was absolute disaster。 Inflation was about 20 percent a month。 The shelves stood empty。 The prices were skyrocketing。 Everyday life was the search for survival。 Gaidar had to move very fast。
LILIA SHEVTSOVA：我们天天排队去买东西——糖、火柴、盐，风险是非常高的，经济状况非常的糟糕，通货膨胀达到了大约每月20％，货架子都空了，物价飞涨，日常生活就是在为生计奔波。盖达必须尽快行动。
NARRATOR： Gaidar was now in charge of the entire Russian economy。 And he was still only 35。 He assembled a team of youthful free…market reformers； among them his fellow dissenter； 36…year…old Anatoly Chubais。 munist hard…liners nicknamed them the "；little boys in pink shorts。"；
旁白：盖达现在掌管着整个俄罗斯的经济，他当时年仅35岁，他网罗了一批年轻的自由市场改革家，这其中包括有反对他的同事，36岁的阿那特利。丘拜斯（Anatoly Chubais），共产党的顽固分子们给他们起了个外号叫“穿着粉红色短裤的小男孩”。
Jeffrey Sachs now 36； was called on to advise on economic reform。
杰裴里。萨克斯（Jeffrey Sachs）当时36岁了，被请来为经济改革出谋划策。
JEFFREY SACHS： I of course had the Poland experience in mind。 Russia turned out to be something quite different。
杰裴里。萨克斯（Jeffrey Sachs）：我当然记得波兰的经验，但俄罗斯的情况好像有很大的不同。
NARRATOR： The Parliament was dominated by munists and other parties who opposed reform。
旁白：国会被共产党和其它反对改革的一些政党所控制着。
JEFFREY SACHS： Gaidar was under remarkable political attack from the first moment。 It wasn't seven days after the start of reform that the head of the Parliament called for the resignation of the government； for example。
杰裴里。萨克斯（Jeffrey Sachs）：盖达从一开始就承受了巨大的政治攻击，比如，在他开始改革后还不到一周，国会的领导就要求政府辞职。
YEGOR GAIDAR： It is a pseudo market utopia。
尤戈。盖达（Yegor Gaidar）：这是一个空洞的市场改良乌托邦。
The only thing I want to ask is understanding the gravity of the situation。
我只是想让大家明白情况的严重性。
NARRATOR： Gaidar and his team wanted to use economic reform as a political weapon to smash the old munist system before it destroyed them。
旁白：盖达和他的同僚们想在自己被旧的共产党体制摧毁之前，先下手为强，把经济改革作为摧毁对方的一个政治武器。
BORIS JORDAN： It was more a survival tactic …… how can we destroy the munist； centrally controlled economy？ Let's destroy the army； let's destroy the KGB； and let's destroy centrally controlled planning； rather than how are we going to build an economy？
鲍里斯。乔丹（Boris Jordan）：这更大意义上是一种生存策略——我们怎么能摧毁共产党，怎么能摧毁中央集权经济？我们要去摧毁军队，摧毁克格勃，摧毁中央控制计划，而不是去思考我们应当怎样去重建经济？
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Chapter 16： Reform Goes Awry ＇4：26＇
第十六章： 改革走入歧途
NARRATOR： New Year's Eve； 1991。 Next morning prices would be freed。 Gaidar's reform would directly affect the man and woman in the street。 It would also mean the end of everything the munists had stood for。
旁白：1991年的新年除夕，第二天早上价格就会放开，盖达的改革将会直接影响到大众，这也将意味着共产党所代表的一切都将结束了。
Next； Gaidar abolished the Soviet law that made private enterprise a criminal activity。 Gaidar believed that an effectively free market would put an end to shortages。 He didn't have long to wait。
接下来，盖达废除了将私人企业作为犯罪行为的苏维埃法。他相信一个高度自由的市场将会消灭短缺，而且会很快。
YEGOR GAIDAR： I was driving to my office on Old Square； past Detsky Mir； the children's shop； and I saw a huge crowd of people。 I sent my aides to find out what was going on； and they saw hundreds of people with various kinds of goods。 They were holding a copy of the decree on the freedom of trade while trying to buy or sell stuff。 So that's when I understood that in 75 years it had not been possible to extinguish this entrepreneurial spirit。 That was one of the pivotal points。 Starting from then； there were no more shortages in Russia。 I felt that we were right and that market forces worked； even in this tortured economy。
尤戈。盖达（Yegor Gaidar）：我驱车走在老广场，在去办公 室的路上，当我路过Detsky Mir儿童商店时，我看到那里围了一大堆人，我让我的随从下去看看发生了什么事，他们看到了成百上千人手里拿着各种各样的商品，他们在买卖商品时，手里还拿着政府鼓励自由贸易的传单。这时我明白了，即使是用了75年，也没有泯灭人们的企业家精神，这一点很关键。从这开始，俄罗斯再也没有短缺了，我感到我们成功了，市场力量开始发挥作用了，即使是在这个扭曲的经济中。
NARRATOR： The market may have been reborn； but for ordinary Russians reform meant higher prices。
旁白：市场可能是回来了，但对于大多数俄罗斯人来说，改革意味着涨价。
LILIA SHEVTSOVA： I hurried to a department store to look at the faces of Muscovites； whether they would revolt； looking； you know； at all these skyrocketing prices； because Gaidar felt that they would increase twofold。 They increased twelvefold。
LILIA SHEVTSOVA：我急忙来到百货公司，看看莫斯科人看到这样的飞涨的价格是否会有抗议的脸色，因为盖达预计价格只会涨2倍，结果却涨了12倍。
NARRATOR： Prices kept rising。 The hard…liners who controlled the Central Bank made it much worse。 Their policies fueled inflation。
旁白：价格持续上涨，控制着中央银行的顽固分子使得情况变得更糟糕，他们的政策加剧了通货膨胀。
In Norilsk； factory workers like Yuri Khamutov were cleaned out。
在诺里尔斯克（Norilsk），工厂的工人被辞退了，象Yuri Khamutov一样。
YURI KHAMUTOV： Chubais talked about reform； but with him and with Gaidar； nothing improved。 We lived worse and worse and worse。 So much for Gaidar's reforms。 Many came north to earn the money to buy a house； a flat； a car； to save a pension。 And then in one day you were left with nothing。 It was so sudden； some people mitted suicide。
YURI KHAMUTOV：丘拜斯（Chubais）大谈改革，但是他和盖达都没有使境况变得好些，我们的生活越来越糟糕，与日俱下，这都是盖达的改革造成的，许多人来到北方是要赚钱买房子、汽车、存养老金，但是忽然有一天你什么也没了，这太突然了，有些人为此自杀。
GRIGORY YAVLINSKY： Inflation came 500 percent； 600 percent； 700 percent。 The monies simply went to the ashes； simply to nothing。 The population was simply smashed by that hyperinflation； and that undermined all kind of belief in the economic changes。
格里格利。叶维林斯基（Grigory Yavlinsky）：通货膨胀达到了500％，600％，700％，财富就这样化为了灰烬，一无所有了。人们遭受了恶性通货膨胀的重创，这动摇了人们对于经济改革的各种信念。
Chapter 17： India Escapes Collapse ＇3：16＇
第十七章： 印度幸免崩溃
Onscreen title： New Delhi； India
字幕标题：印度，新德里
NARRATOR： The collapse of the Soviet Union reverberated round the world。 For India； it was the end of a role model； the ideal of central planning shattered。
旁白：苏联的垮台在全世界引起了很大的反响，对印度来说，中央计划理念的榜样倒了。
MANMOHAN SINGH： This was telling proof that a mand type of economy was not as secure as we had thought。 Therefore； the collapse of the Soviet Union was a major factor which influenced thinking on economic reforms in our country； as in other countries。
买买汗。辛格（Manmohan Singh）：这表明指令式的经济并不像我们�
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