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制高点-第13部分
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YASHWANT SINHA; Indian Finance Minister: The government of India went into business in a big way; and they decided to control whatever was there in the private sector also as firmly and fiercely as they could。
印度财政部长YASHWANT SINHA:印度政府对经济的渗透程度很深,政府决定要尽可能严格和牢固地控制私人部门的一切事务。
NARRATOR: The British raj was gone。 Now people were subjected to the ";Permit Raj;"; because everything needed a government permit。 India became a byword for red tape and bureaucracy。 Businessmen found it almost impossible to get things done。
旁白:英国对印度的统治已经结束了,而印度人又遭受了“许可统治”,因为事无巨细,都必须要经过政府许可。印度成了官僚作风盛行的一个代名词,商人们发现要在印度开展业务几乎是不可能的。
NARAYANA MURTHY; Chairman; Infosys Technologies: It used to take us about 12 to 24 months and about 50 visits to Delhi to get a license to import a puter worth 1;500。
Infosys Technologies公司主席NARAYANA MURTHY:要进口一台价值1500美元的计算机,通常要花费我们12到24个月的时间及大约50人次到新德里去跑批文。
NARRATOR: Since it was impossible to work with the system; people learned to work around it。
旁白:由于无法改变这样的体制,人们开始学会各种各样的变通方法。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM; Indian Finance Minister; 1996…1998: Every license; every permit; was procured by corrupt means。
印度财政部长(1996…1998) P。 CHIDAMBARAM:每张执照,每个许可证都是通过腐败的行为获得的。
INTERVIEWER: A bribe?
记者:您是指贿赂?
P。 CHIDAMBARAM: Well; ";bribe"; is the simpler word; I suppose。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM:哦,我想“贿赂”还只是较轻的字眼。
NARRATOR: Self…sufficiency was India's ideal。 To protect its own manufacturing industry; India shut out foreign imports。
旁白:自给自足是印度的理想,为保护它自己的制造业,印度禁止从国外进口。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM: Because of this protected market; the Indian people were being given shoddy goods and services at very high prices。 Enterprise was stifled; and growth was crippled。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM:由于这样的保护性市场,印度人只能以高昂的价格获得低等的商品和服务,企业缺乏生机,经济增长陷入泥潭。
JAIRAM RAMESH; Indian Government Advisor; 1991…1998: The economic environment was simply not conducive to efficiency or profitability。 We were in a shortage economy。 My father waited 15 years to buy a car。
印度政府顾问(1991…1998)JAIRAM RAMESH:很明显,经济环境不利于提高效率和盈利,我们是一个短缺经济。我父亲买一辆汽车排队等了15年时间。
NARRATOR: Take India's beloved Ambassador car。 It is made by Hindustan Motors; which started manufacturing in the same year as Japan's Toyota。 Fifty years later; Toyota makes five million cars a year。 Hindustan sells 18;000 Ambassadors; and still to the same design。
旁白:以印度最受欢迎的“大使” (Ambassador)牌汽车为例,这款汽车是由印度汽车公司(Hindustan Motors)制造的,与日本的丰田(Toyota)同时期投入的生产,50年后,丰田(Toyota)公司年产汽车500万辆,而印度汽车公司(Hindustan Motors)的年销量只有18000辆,而且款式设计仍然与50年前一样。
MANMOHAN SINGH; Finance Minister; 1991…1996: If you have a controlled economy; cut off from the rest of the world by infinite protection; nobody has any incentive to; in a way。。。 nobody has any incentive to increase productivity; to bring new ideas。
财政部长(1991…1996) 买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):在管制经济中,通过一系列无穷无尽的保护,把自己与外部世界隔绝开来,这样的环境下,没有人会有动力,某种程度上来说…没有人有任何的动力来提高生产率,提供新思路。
NARRATOR: Overprotected; over…administered; overplanned; the Permit Raj was quite literally a brake on the Indian economy。
旁白:过度保护,过度管制,过度计划,许可统治已经明显地成为了印度经济的一个障碍。
Chapter 5: Latin American Dependencia '2:03'
第五章: 拉丁美洲的依赖
Onscreen title: Latin America
字幕标题:拉丁美洲
NARRATOR: In Latin America; radically different leaders shared India's suspicion of the world economy。 In the 1940s and '50s; it was Juan Peron and his wife; Evita。 In the 1960s; it was munist Cuba's charismatic Fidel Castro。 And in the 1970s; it was Chile's Marxist president Salvador Allende。
旁白:在拉丁美洲,一些根本不同的领导人也怀有印度的那种对世界经济的猜疑。在40和50年代,是Juan Peron及其妻子Evita,60年代是古巴共和国的代表人物费德尔。卡斯特罗(Fidel Castro),70年代是智利的马克思主义总统萨尔瓦多。阿兰德(Salvador Allende)。
Though rich in raw materials; Latin America seemed doomed to perpetual poverty。 The dependency theory of economic development seemed to offer a way out。
尽管自然资源丰富,但拉丁美洲却似乎注定长期贫穷,经济发展的依赖理论似乎能够提供一条出路。
DANIEL YERGIN: The dependency theory said that if you want to get high economic growth in your country; what you need to do is put up barriers; tariffs that restrict the flow of import into the country; develop and build your own domestic industries; and that if you don't do that; you're going to be victimized by world trade。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):依赖理论认为,假如你想在你的国家实现高速的经济增长,你必须做的是要建立贸易障碍,设立贸易关税,来限制商品的进口,而发展自己的国内工业体系,如果你不这样做,则你将成为世界贸易的受害者。
The theory was very attractive。 It said you would develop on your own; and you would be more self…sufficient。 The reality is that you cut yourself off from flows of technology; flows of investment; from flows of know…how; and instead of getting ahead you were falling back。
这个理论非常有吸引力,这个理论说你能仅依靠自己的力量而获得发展,你将会更加自给自足。而事实是,你把你自己与技术流动、资本流动和知识流动隔离了开来,你不但没有取得进步,而且还倒退了。
MOISES NAIM; Editor; Foreign Policy Magazine: Because they are not threatened by petition; you create very lazy; nonpetitive panies that produce not very good goods at higher prices。 It may create jobs here and there; but in the long term it may create even more poverty。
《对外政策》(Foreign Policy)杂志编辑莫伊斯。尼曼(Moises Naim):由于没有竞争的威胁,企业将变得非常懒散,缺乏竞争力,会以高昂的价格生产低质量的产品,这种体制可能会创造一些工作机会,但是从长远来看,它会导致更多的贫困。
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Chapter 6: Counterrevolution in Chile '3:30'
第六章: 智利的反革命
Onscreen title: Santiago; Chile
字幕标题:智利,圣地亚哥
NARRATOR: By the early 1970s; Latin American economies were in trouble。 Chile elected the Marxist president Salvador Allende。 Allende's solution was not less government intervention; but more。 Businesses were nationalized or expropriated。 Price controls were imposed。 Civil unrest grew as the economy spun out of control。
旁白:到70年代初,拉丁美洲经济陷入了困境,智利选举马克思主义者萨尔瓦多。阿兰德(Salvador Allende)为总统。阿兰德的措施不是减少而是进一步加强政府的干预,把企业收归国有或者是没收,实施价格控制。经济衰退失控,国内###也随之而来。
RICARDO LAGOS; President; Chile: We have a tremendous inflation。 Chilean society became extremely polarized。 It's true it was polarized before Allende; but during Allende's period the society was extremely polarized。
智利总统里卡多。罗格斯(Ricado Lagos):通货膨胀非常严重,智利社会矛盾极端激化。在阿兰德(Allende)之前就已经激化了是事实,但在阿兰德时期则激化到了顶峰。
NARRATOR: It all ended in a military coup。 As air force jets straffed the presidential palace; Allende was trapped inside。 This was the last picture taken of him alive。
旁白:一场军事政变才结束了这一切,当空军喷气式飞机轰炸总统府时,阿兰德(Allende)被围困在其中,这是他生前留下的最后一幕。
Allende supporters; union leaders; and left…wing students were rounded up in the national football stadium。 Hundreds were never seen again。
阿兰德(Allende)的拥护者们,大批工会领导及左翼学生们围住国家足球场,成百上千的人丧命于此。
Chile's military junta was led by Gen。 Augusto Pinochet。 Many middle…class Chileans saw him as a savior。
智利的军事政权由皮诺切特(Gen。 Augusto Pinochet)领导,许多智利的中产阶级都视他为救世主。
JAVIER VIAL; President; Association of Banks; 1973: I think that Pinochet's plan was basically the plan to manage an army。 He didn't have an economic policy to manage a country。
银行协会(Association of Banks)董事长(1973)贾威尔。维拉(Javier Vial):我认为皮诺切特的计划本质上是一个管理军队的计划,他没有管理国家的经济政策。
ARNOLD HARBERGER; Professor Emeritus; University of Chicago: After a year; year and half of military government; you still had 20 percent per…month built…in inflation that wouldn't go away until something structurally changed。
芝加哥大学名誉教授阿诺德。哈勃(Arnold Harberger):在军人政府成立一年,哦,一年半后,仍然存在着每月20%的通货膨胀,而如果没有结构上的根本改变,这是不可避免的。
NARRATOR: One of those who plotted the coup went to talk to Pinochet face to face。
旁白:参与策划政变的一位人士面见皮诺切特。
ROBERTO KELLY; Junta Economic Planner: I told him; ";You've been called Chile's savior; but you will go down in history as the man that buried Chile。"; He was very shocked by this; and he said; ";Okay; you've got 48 hours to e up with a national plan to fix the economy。";
军政府经济计划师罗伯特。凯利(Roberto Kelly):我告诉他,“你被称为智利的救星,但你在历史上将会被视为埋葬智利的罪人。”他听了我的话非常震惊,说,“那好,我命令你在48小时内制定出一个修复经济的全盘计划。”
ARNOLD HARBERGER: The only people who had a serious blueprint of how to get out of this were this group called the Chicago Boys。
阿诺德。哈勃(Arnold Harberger):已经有了解决这些问题的办法蓝图的只有那些被称作芝加哥男孩(Chicago Boys)的一个群体。
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Chapter 7: Chicago Boys and Pinochet '8:16'
第七章: 芝加哥男孩与皮诺切特
NARRATOR: The Chicago Boys were a group of economists at Chile's Catholic University who had been sent to the University of Chicago as exchange students。 There; they absorbed the ideas of the ";Chicago School"; of economics; with its almost revolutionary belief in free markets。
旁白:芝加哥男孩(Chicago Boys)是指智利天主教大学(Chile's Catholic University)的一群经济学家们,他们曾经作为交换学生被送到芝加哥大学,在那里,他们吸收到了 “芝加哥学派”(Chicago School)的经济学观点,吸收了其最具革命性的思想——自由市场。
MILTON FRIEDMAN; Professor Emeritus; University of Chicago: What characterized the Chicago School was a strong belief in minimal government and an emphasis on free market as a way to control the economy。
芝加哥大学名誉教授米尔顿。弗里德曼(Milton Friedman):芝加哥学派的典型特征是强烈地认为要通过最小政府和自由市场来控制经济。
NARRATOR: Professors like Arnold Harberger and Milton Friedman taught their students to distrust state planning and government control。 When the Chicago Boys returned to Chile; they brought with them ideas that were a direct challenge to the dependency theory。
旁白:教授们,比如阿诺德。哈勃(Arnold Harberger)和米尔顿。弗里德曼(Milton Friedman),教授他们的弟子们要打破国家计划和政府控制。当芝加哥男孩们回到智利后,他们带来了直接挑战依赖理论的新思想。
ARNOLD HARBERGER: This small group stayed together through the Allende years。 And they used to meet I think every Tuesday for lunch。 And they would keep a kind of running document which said how they would reform this economy; how this economy has to be reformed; what is to be done to get out of the swamp that they were putting themselves in。
阿诺德。哈勃(Arnold Harberger):这个小团体在阿兰德(Allende)统治期间就聚在一起,好像是每周二聚一次吃午饭。他们还保留了一份连续的文献讨论稿,记载了他们论述经济改革必要性、如何进行经济改革、如何使经济走出泥潭的各种观点,他们全身心地投入到了经济救亡的工作中。
SERGIO DE CASTRO; Finance Minister; Chile; 1974…1982: Unfortunately; due to the idiosyncrasies of the military mind; the generals preferred a controlled economy; that is; an economy that would obey orders。
智利财政部长(1974…1982)塞尔吉奥。卡斯特罗(Sergio De Castro):不幸的是,由于强烈的军人思想,将军们更倾向于管理经济,即,遵守命令的经济。
NARRATOR: Javier Vial; an influential businessman sympathetic to the junta; was trying to push the military in the direction of the free market。
旁白:贾威尔。维拉(Javier Vial)是一个同情军人政府的有影响力的商人,努力推动着军人政府向自由市场转变。
JAVIER VIAL: So I called Milton Friedman and invited him to e to Chile。
贾威尔。维拉(Javier Vial):我给米尔顿。弗里德曼(M
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